The famed Greek Stoic philosopher Epictetus [Greek: ἐπίκτητος, Epíktētos] lived from circa 50 A.D. to c. 135 A.D. Born into slavery in the region of Hierapolis, Phrygia (present day Türkiye), he suffered from a physical disability and was a slave to Epaphroditus in Rome.
Epaphroditus, a wealthy freedman who worked for the Roman Emperor Nero, granted Epictetus permission to study Stoic philosophy under Musonius Rufus.
Epictetus obtained his freedom at some point after the death of Nero in A.D. 68. He lived in Rome until his banishment around A.D. 93. Epictetus then moved to Nicopolis in Greece, where he taught philosophy and spent the remainder of his life. His teachings were written and published by his student Arrian in Discourses and the Enchiridion.
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On Anxiety [Solicitude] by Epictetus
"ON ANXIETY (SOLICITUDE).-When I see a man anxious, I say, What does this man want? If he did not want something which is not in his power, how could he be anxious? For this reason a lute player when he is singing by himself has no anxiety, but when he enters the theatre, he is anxious, even if he has a good voice and plays well on the lute; for he not only wishes to sing well, but also to obtain applause: but this is not in his power. Accordingly, where he has skill, there he has confidence. Bring any single person who knows nothing of music, and the musician does not care for him. But in the matter where a man knows nothing and has not been practised, there he is anxious. What matter is this? He knows not what a crowd is or what the praise of a crowd is. However, he has learned to strike the lowest chord and the highest; but what the praise of the many is, and what power it has in life, he neither knows nor has he thought about it. Hence he must of necessity tremble and grow pale. Is any man then afraid about things which are not evils? No. Is he afraid about things which are evils, but still so far within his power that they may not happen? Certainly he is not. If then the things which are independent of the will are neither good nor bad, and all things which do depend on the will are within our power, and no man can either take them from us or give them to us, if we do not choose, where is room left for anxiety? But we are anxious about our poor body, our little property, about the will of Cæsar; but not anxious about things internal. Are we anxious about not forming a false opinion? No, for this is in my power. About not exerting our movements contrary to nature? No, not even about this. When then you see a man pale, as the physician says, judging from the complexion, this man’s spleen is disordered, that man’s liver; so also say, this man’s desire and aversion are disordered, he is not in the right way, he is in a fever. For nothing else changes the color, or causes trembling or chattering of the teeth, or causes a man to
Sink in his knees and shift from foot to foot.
Iliad, xiii., 281.
For this reason,..."
---CONTINUED....
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